The Benefits of Ethnographic Research

The Benefits of Ethnographic Research To get to know your subject, one must be immersed with the subject in order to gain valuable information regarding the customs, culture, and systems of life from another culture other than your own. Immersing oneself can be a tedious project that lays ahead. But, if you are careful and well educated regarding the study of ethnography, then this task at hand should not be as tedious as one may think. Ethnography is the study of other cultures with clear and critical rules to engage interaction among non-Western societies. We will first describe the study of ethnography in this paper to form the basis of what ethnography really is as opposed to what the study could be. The study of ethnography has had three important changes in the formation of ethnography which will also be a focus in this discussion in this paper so that we can better understand and use the study of ethnography as anthropologists. There are similarities and differences between the three changes which will examined to fully gather the importance of the changes. We will also review an example of a real life ethnographic study to provide the discussion with evidence that the ethnographic study has clear rules and guidelines to describe other cultures. To add to our discussion, we will take an evaluation of ethnography whereby we will look at the pros and cons of using this method of inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to review the importance of learning the study of ethnography to do the best way to study other cultures other than our own which includes the participant observation method. The next section will define what ethnography is, how anthropologists use ethnography, and carefully discuss why anthropologists use ethnography when studying other cultures. The Study of Ethnography? We often take for granted the importance of learning about other cultures and peoples who live outside our communities, however, if there are efforts to learn about others, we can begin to understand the importance of similarities among human civilizations and societies. There is a study that studies the importance of other cultures as well as during the process we learn about ourselves. We come from a place of extravagance, where the modern world allows us Westerners to have everything at our disposal; therefore we must be cautious when we learn about other cultures especially from places with non-Western ways of doing things. There are however certain forms and guidelines that are used for this purpose specifically. These guidelines are developed by anthropologists who use these guidelines to study other peoples cultures in non-Western nations. Anthropologists determined that the study called ethnography would be the basis for studying other cultures than their own. Ethnography is the systematic study of other cultures by use of observation, participation- observation, and what I will coin the term, participation-observation-inclusion. Ethnography is mainly used to gather in a scientific manner the evidence to show that how and why groups of people chose to live as they do. Ethnography is more importantly used in purposes to perform a logical and laid out script to guide all ethnographic work. Some examples were provided in our textbook by Schultz. Ethnography is essentially the form of observation, whereby the anthropologist observes the actions, rituals, and customs of a society. Three Changes in Ethnography We have now examined and defined what ethnography is and why we use such a method of inquiry when studying other cultures that may differ vastly from our own ways. Early founding anthropologists used specifically observation to study cultures around the world which laid the foundation for learning about human culture, which lead to the first change in ethnography. The first change involved not being exclusively objective, rather they became aware of their biases. These early anthropologists knew that there were forms of subjective-ness in their works produced and published; therefore, partly tarnished. This first change also involved not being able to be completely invisible. The subjects were aware of the anthropologist studying them from afar (Schultz:2005). The second change come from the first change where the subjects were studied as above but the anthropologists also included participation of the subject. They were now aware of the benefits of asking questions in order to compare to the actually actions of the subjects. When we ask the participants, we are including the subjects with the research which is more sophisticated than just learning from a distance. Anthropologists using this method of inquiry became more susceptible to more information that helped them understand the similarities and differences of other cultures among ourselves. Lastly, the third major change in ethnography was the usage of multiple sites for locations of gathering information. Many anthropologists were unaware of the multiple sites of locations that participants participated in that this information of multiple sites may have been gathered when anthropologists asked participants questions of daily living. We have reviewed the three changes in ethnography and we can conclude that there are significant changes that led to the modern day ethnography that is still being perfected as we speak. Similarities and Differences of the Three Changes in Ethnography There are several similarities and differences among the changes of ethnography. The similarities are they all require the study of the subjects, they all still gather evidence to support their arguments, and the last similarity is that they all try their best to study the best way possible. The differences were lightly touched above but to get further in discussion, we can view the differences as ways of improving.   One major difference is that the first change and the second change came out of misleading society about other cultures.   The ramifications occurred due to the discriminatory practices from the outcome of the anthropologists.   Another difference is that the third change became more inclusive than the other previous two changes in ethnography. Both similarities and differences are important to outline to provide a critical overview of the topic of ethnography and its changes to improve the method of inquiry. Impacts of the Three Changes There were impacts of the three changes in the study of ethnography, which include having a more sound method of inquiry, more elaborate detailed descriptions of the societies they studied, and there is more sensitivity towards subjects.   The method of inquiry, participant observation, was improved with the three changes by ways of including participants themselves.   This allows the researcher/anthropologists to fully engulf their selves into the society they are studying. Previous anthropologists who laid the groundwork for anthropology were Malinowski and Varandeh (Classnotes:2010).   They both developed ethnographical fieldwork to better study the cultures they were interested in.   One major impact was the introduction to Reflexivity.   When an anthropologist is reflexive, they are more aware of their assumptions and position they are working and imposing on (Classnotes:2010).   An Example of Ethnography that should have utilized the Three Changes The anthropologist, Jean Briggs, studied the Utkuhikhalingmiut (Utku, for short) in northern Canada in efforts to gather ethnographic research (Schultz; 2005). She was inducted into the community however there was a misunderstanding that prevented her from proceeding with her ethnographic study.   The Utku were unable to fully communicate with the anthropologist and thus became frustrated with the anthropologists actions and misunderstandings.   In short the anthropologist had a very difficult time in gathering valuable information that she ended up seeking help from a local Utku who could help her with the communication process.   The anthropologist needed more than just the study of ethnography; Schultz suggests that there should be more work like this (2005).   The Utku is a great example of how the anthropologist should have utilized the three changes in ethnography, which are participant observation and multiple sites.   The example of the ethnographic study above was provided in this essay to provide a detailed explanation of how ethnography can still require improvements.   The use of sensitivity is critical to understand others regardless of different cultures or races.   The use of sensitivity allows researchers to understand that we are human beings with feelings, responses, and thoughts that the anthropologist would act very suspicious if there were no human effects of doing such research. For example, Briggs, the anthropologist discussed above, was not sensitive to the fact that these people of the north do speak a native language that would never have the same meanings in English.   So there should have been some sort of awareness of this prior to going out and doing fieldwork in ethnographic methods of inquiry.   Soon there will be educated native people performing ethnographical studies who enter into their own communities speaking their own languages that will make the ethnographic research more viable.   These three changes have had a great impact on ethnography. Critical Evaluation of Ethnography We have learned that there are three major changes in the way anthropologists conduct ethnographic research and that there must be an understanding from all areas of the research spectrum. Ethnography is the study of other cultures and there were significant changes in the way anthropologists perform observations of the other cultures.   These changes benefited mostly the society the anthropologists were studying but the anthropologists also gained a modified form of gathering information.   The impacts are important to study as well as the history of the ethnographic study whereby the impacts are also ways to improve the method of inquiry of other nations from the perspective of the anthropologist who happens to be subjected to Western ways of life.   The perspective of the anthropologist is now a function in the reflexive process.   Reflexive is the key to successful ethnographic research as now the research has a foundation to build on.   When the anthropologist includes their view of life and how it differs from the group they are studying, the work that is produced is more truthful.   Let me explain so that there is no confusion.   This is what we learned in other classes that there is a method called grounded approach.   The researcher goes back and forth between the researchers assumptions and the subjects evidence in order to compare and modify the results that are being recorded and published.   The grounded approach is a sensible way of conducting research by constantly checking and rechecking the data that is developed out of observation.   The grounded approach verifies information as it is being recorded, as there is no other way to take apart a cultures complex systems of living.   Overall, the ethnographic study of other cultures has many points that the evaluation of the three changes only proves that the study is improving. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper has examined the use and benefits of utilizing the study of ethnography to better understand the world we live in and the people who live in this world.   There were three major changes that occurred over the course of the period of the development of ethnography, which included participant observation and multiple sites for gathering data.   These three changes gave ethnography the substance to continue as a valuable and trustworthy method of inquiry that all anthropologists should be aware of these three changes.   For a final thought, we should ask the subjects themselves which is the best method to inquire learning about their culture.

Film Analysis: the Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Essay

In the movie, The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, the holocaust which happened in history was clearly depicted. It was shown in the film how the Jews were poorly treated by the Nazis at that time. Hence, here are some instances in the film where prejudice, bias, discrimination and ethnocentrism were depicted. First is prejudice—Merriam-Webster describes prejudice as an injury or damage resulting from some judgment or action of another in disregard of one’s rights. Prejudice was most evident in the ending scene where the Jews from the concentration camp were put inside a large gas chamber, and they were made to believe that they were just going to take a bath, but the truth is they are to face their death. Also, the fact that they were confined inside a concentration camp was already a huge example of prejudice since this has taken away their freedom. Bias, on the other hand, is a personal and unreasoned judgment. This was shown in the part where Schmuel was in the house of Bruno doing some work. He was given food by Bruno, but they were caught by a Nazi soldier. Schmuel was trying to defend himself by telling the truth, but the Nazi soldier still believed Bruno’s lies just because Schmuel was a Jew. Next is discrimination which is having a prejudiced or prejudicial outlook, action or treatment towards others. In the film, when Bruno and his family transferred to Auschwitz, there was an old Jew who were like their house help. He received discrimination since he was treated as if he had a contagious disease—the children were not allowed to interact with him. Also, Bruno’s dad constantly reminded him that he cannot go out of the confines of their home, especially to the â€Å"farm† Bruno saw from his window. This restriction was discriminating because it showed how the Nazis shied away from the Jews. Lastly, ethnocentrism is characterized by or based on the attitude that one’s own group is superior. Hence, it can be deduced that the film centered on ethnocentrism which existed at that time when the German Nazis believed that they are superior to the Jews, thus giving them the right to put the Jews to near extinction. This ethnocentrism gave rise to the holocaust which was the main story of the film.

Mass medias and their political role Essay

 « Medias  » comes from the latin  « media  » that designs all means of communication ; such as printing press, radio, television, Internet. There has been a mediatic revolution in Europe, and specially en France, since the end of the XIX th century, which accompanied the birth of the Republic and its main political crisis, at is allowed the expression of the public opinion. In June 29th, 1881, the Law on the Freedom of the Press allowed the liberty of expression though settling its limits such as the prohibition of defamation, against the press offences, incitements to racial hatred or attainment on other’s property and public security. This law permitted a greater involvement of the public opinion in major political crisis that happened in France since the end of the XIXth century, such as the following ones I am going to present : the Dreyfus Affair, the Vichy France and the elections of June 2002. The Dreyfus Affair : This political crisis illustrates the major role of printing press. At that time, the Jules ferry Laws had increased alphabetisation, so the press became much more accessible to lower classes of society. More newspapers were printed and sold at a far cheaper price ; it was a democratisation of the press. At the time of the Dreyfus Affair, there was a huge debate about secularism (â€Å"Laicità ©Ã¢â‚¬ ), in which the press involved itself by expressing the public opinion. L’Humanità © was more biased on a socialist point of view whereas La Croix belonged to the right wing of the political life, though it is really with the Dreyfus Case that the politicisation took place. In November 1rst, 1894, the far right-wing and antisemit newspaper La Libre Parole, accused Captain Alfred Dreyfus, of jewish confession, of having betrayed France by being a spy for Germany. Dreyfus was sentenced to death. But the public opinion was vehemently divided and represented through the press.There was the pro-Army, nationalists Anti-Dreyfusards and the  pro-Republicans, also called Dreyfusards, who led a ferocious battle against the other camp. The term â€Å"intellectual† was created at that time to design journalists that committed themselves in the affair. For exemples : – Emile Zola, a naturalist writer, publishes in January 13th, 1898, his false letter/pamphlet â€Å"J’accuse† in L’Aurore, asking for more justice from the President, and so for Dreyfus’ commutation. It was the very first engagement of intellectuals in the press. – Jean Jaurà ©s also demonstrated cleverly the innocence of Dreyfus in â€Å"Les preuves† published in La Rà ©publique. We have then an example of a bipolarised press reflecting a bipolarised public opinion. The expression of diverse voices greatly influenced the release and rehabilitation of Dreyfus in 1906, just one year after the victory of the secularism laws. WWII : The French State or Vichy France : In 1940, with the creation of the French collaborating and antisemit State, there has been a significant division of medias : – The official press became marechalist (newspaper Je suis partout), proclaiming the need for collaboration, denouciations†¦; – A clandestine, illegal press appeared (Libà ©ration) supporting the Resistance movement, in which people were encouraged to resist and to make life harder to the Occupier (sabotages, hidding illegal peole†¦.). The press had a serious influence on the behaviours of the French State’s people. But radio too took a major role in this event : – Radio Paris was tightly controlled by the governement since the first public diffusion by the radio in 1921. – Radio Londres (written this way on the internet) on the contrary did not support the german occupation so that it allowed De Gaulle to communicate with France and deliver his famous speech in June 18th, 1940, in which he encouraged French soldie rs and workers to continue fighting against the collaborators and occupiers and the inhabitants of the French State to resist. Radio was also used a well as leaflets, to improve the organisation of resistant actions. The Algerian War (1954-1962) : At the beginning of the war, the medias took great interest in this new political crisis that the government had trouble in solving. â€Å"L’Algà ©rie, c’est la France !† declares Franà §ois Mitterand, then Minister of the Interior at the TV/Radio. In fact, after the loss of Indochina, France could not afford to lose Algeria as well according to many state members. But different opinions were debated over in the press mainly (France Soir, Le Parisien Libà ©rà ©, Le Figaro†¦), by the four main radios representing round 38 millions of listeners, and the emerging but still very elitist television. When the government sent the contigent in 1956, the jounalists were very much involved in illustrating the public opinion and the Ifop (an institute of survey and opinion polls) revealed that the polls mainly revealed a global wish for negociations rather than fightings. But the government did not want to lose its credibility and censored the press, getting hold o f some (L’Express), and arrested some of the most vehement journalists. But some newspapers (L’Express and La France-Observateur) and authors (Franà §ois Mauriac) denonced the political measures and repression to make it transparent to the public. There was no more stability in the French government and DeGaulle was asked to come back to power in 1958, which he did, at the price that a new Constitution should be put into office and that the fifth Republic shall be claimed. De Gaulle used as he did a few years before, the power of medias as a tool to communicate with the French people, mainly using the ORTF, The Office de Radiodiffusion Tà ©là ©vision Franà §aise, which monopolised Frenc TV emissions and allowed him to put forward his own opinion. This allowed him to avoid the putsch of the generals in April 1961 (they wanted to take power in Alger in order to maintain the French Algeria against De Gaulle’s policy of negociations) by directly talking to the called in order to discourage them from helping the generals. Finally Algeria became independent with the Evian Accords in 1962. But a few years later, with May 1968 it clearly appeared that the government controlled no longer the medias, which became more and more  independent and were less used as an influencial tool of the government, but only as a mean to express opinions or to give more information (ex : the presidential elections of June 2002, when the Internet, newspapers and televion altogether permitted a mobilisation of the voters against Jean-Marie Le Pen.)

The New World s Tempest - 3495 Words

Derek Simmons July 22, 2015 ENGL 4011 Dr. Frank Brevik The New World’s Tempest â€Å"The Tempest† is a Shakespearean play that takes play on a desert island somewhere between Tunis and Naples. A hazardous storm appears impacting a ship of European nobles and mariners; on board are Alonso, King of Naples, Gonzalo, Boatswain, Trinculo, Stefano, Antonio, Sebastian, and Ferdinand. The nobles are leaving Tunis, Africa after the wedding of Claribel, daughter of the King of Naples to the prince. Prospero, the former Duke of Milan uses his sorcery to conjure the very storm that bombards the nobles in order to bring them to the island. Frey interjects, â€Å"In 1808, Edmond Malone argued that Shakespeare derived the title and some of the play’s incidents from accounts of a storm and shipwreck experienced by Sir Thomas Gates and other Jamestown colonists on the Bermuda islands in 1609† (Frey 29).The play entails the romance of Ferdinand, Alonso’s son and Miranda, Prospero’s daughter; while also detailing a twelve year power struggle that is resurfacing itself in a treacherous plot for power. In comparison to the New World’s politics, â€Å"The Tempest† can be read as a play that deals with these same political issues: rebellion of constituted authorities, colonization of a new land, dehumanizing of the natives, marriages and romances of royalty, masters and servants, Christian virtues, and visions of a utopia. In the New World, there is a balance of power and a struggle to maintain this balanceShow MoreRelatedThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1705 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Mr. Nath 5 December 2014 The Tempest Written between 1610 and 1611, The Tempest by William Shakespeare is the final play penned by the famous Bard. The play portrays the illusory struggle of power and conscience through the character of Prospero and his egocentric motives. Politically, the play can be seen as an analysis of important political issues relevant to that of oppression and imperialistic tendencies of the time. Artistically, The Tempest emphasizes the nature of art, more prominentlyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1267 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment. Endorsed by the king, Shakespeare’s works told tales of tragedy and whimsy, incorporating both fiction and nonfiction elements. One trademark of Shakespeare s plays were the subtle allusions to the concurrent events in the English government. This is evident in his well known and final play, The Tempest. The story of The Tempest tells the tale of Prospero, a fallen duke forced to live on a desolate island in exile. He intends to regain his duked om and seek revenge upon those who wronged himRead More Aime Cesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest1683 Words   |  7 PagesCesaires A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeares The Tempest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Negritude, originally a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking black intellectuals, reflects an important and comprehensive reaction to the colonial situation of European colonization (Carlberg).   This movement, which influenced Africans as well as blacks around the world, specifically rejects the political, social, and moral domination of the West.  Ã‚   Leopold Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire are the three pioneersRead More Exploring Shakespeares Presentation of the Theme of Power in The Tempest1647 Words   |  7 PagesExploring Shakespeares Presentation of the Theme of Power in The Tempest In The Tempest, power manifests itself in many different forms. Three of the main types of power that Shakespeare explores are the power of love, the power of magic and illusion and the power of a master over his slave. He presents these forms of power in a number of ways. In The Tempest Prospero appears to hold the majority of the power. He maintains his control over other characters inRead MoreWorld Events Influencing Shakespeare ¨s The Tempest Essay example1277 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as the Elizabethan Era. The world and its people were quickly evolving. It was the â€Å"golden age† of poetry, music and literature. It was in the midst of European exploration that Shakespeare wrote, The Tempest. It would be safe to suggest that many of the worldly events during this time, such as the shipwreck of Sea Venture, global colonization, and the works of Michel de Montaigne, had prodigious influences on Shakespeare’s play, The Tempest. 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Clarke s more famous ideas, which is that any technologyRead MorePost Colonial Translations Of The Tempest : Colonial Society s Universal Mirror1672 Words   |  7 PagesTranslations of The Tempest: Colonial Society’s Universal Mirror Shakespeare’s The Tempest has been viewed through many different lenses, and each translation brings with it a new and differing understanding of Shakespeare’s complex original work. Two specific translations, Coetzee’s novel Disgrace and Cesaire’s play A Tempest, do an exemplary job at translating The Tempest, because both translations looked at a different aspect of the colonizer-colonized relationship. 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Childhood Obesity An Threat Health Concern For The Children

Childhood obesity poses an imminent health concern for the children in the community. These children are at risk for numerous types of chronic health condition, which can continue into adulthood. In addition, childhood obesity can lead to children having depression, low self-esteem, poor self-image as a consequence of being overweight (RothMedically, 2005). The prevalence of obesity remains due to low physical activity, resulting in a high rate of obesity of children within the population (Ogden, 2014). Obesity affects children and adolescent from age 2-19 years, approximately 12.7 million children and adolescents for the past decade, which comprised of 17% of the population (CDC, 2015). Who are the informal and formal gatekeepers in the community? Provide a rationale for your answer that includes how and why you identified these gatekeepers. Children with obesity is related to environmental factors that impact children being overweight or obese. Children home is particularly the main environment place for the main food gatekeeper to provide food for the children. The main food gatekeeper can be the parents also known as the formal gatekeeper and authoritative figure which has the real power to deny and permit. The other gatekeepers are the informal keepers such as, the siblings, relatives and other people that feed the obese children consistently. There were 326 gatekeepers in the community participated in the studied, while the study focuses on the obese children’sShow MoreRelatedChildren Are Becoming Increasingly Overweight Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays children are becoming increasingly overweight. With more technology, children are spending more time indoor than outside getting exercise. If we continue to allow this to happen, not only will our children be overweight but they will be obese. Obesity is a medical disorder when a child is over the weight for their age and height. However, there is an understanding that because they are children there is still a chance that this will change. Children have a higher metabolism rate than adultsRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Known Problem For Decades1313 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is a known problem for decades. It occurs when a child is over the recommended weight for their age and height. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2011-2012 there were 12.7 million children and adolescents that had obesity (Skinner Skelton, 2014). The numbers over the years steadily increased and caused concern all across the world. Many children are being diagnosed with health issues such as diabetes, hypertension and other obesity related conditionsRead MoreObesity Is Prevalent Between Children And Adolescents In1177 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is prevalent between children and adolescents in the United States. Obesity is the second leading cause of death after smoking in the US. 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Social Media And Its Impact On Society - 1053 Words

Social Media Privacy Technology has developed into one of the most valuable assets to everyday life. The social media apps developed from technology have opened many doors to allow the impossible possible. Being able to buy things online with the click of a mouse, chatting with a friend who lives across the country, depositing a check through your smart phone, and the possibilities are continuously endless. With more and more incredible innovations happening on a daily basis. Much has been made of the growth of social media and its impact on society. This impact can vastly be seen as a positive through the eyes of the general public, a strong perception driven in part by the social media itself, but as social media in all its forms has grown, an argument can inevitably be made that there has been a corresponding diminishment of personal privacy. Many forget that there is a price attached to having free sharing of personal information. What many don’t realize is that keeping i nformation private online is extremely difficult. It has almost become second nature for consumers to openly hand out their personal information when buying from online sites, to signing up for social media sites, for getting banking statements and finances to even utilities. What is not being taken to account is the fact that every single bit of information posted is being digitized and becoming easily accessible to anyone online. We are willingly handing out this information virtually to anyone whoShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Social Media On Society Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesHave you thought about the impact that social media has on society? Today I would like to address the impact of social media on society for those of you that are social media users and this includes the advantages or disadvantages that as associated with it. In this speech, I want to relate to you how social media is being used by social media users. 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Code of Conduct for Accounting Professionals

Question: Discuss about the Code of Conduct for accounting professionals? Answer: ACCA proposed a Code of Conduct for accounting professionals and it is divided in four parts namely A, B, C, and D. Part A of the code contains fundamental principles that are required to be adhered by professional engaged in the accountancy profession[1]. In the given case scenario, a client of Temple mead Accountants LLP (MWFW) is required to make an additional payment due to a change in the corporate tax regime. Samantha Tibour is a new employee and has been assigned the task of filing the accounts of MWFW without making additional payments by Annabelle, who is a senior partner of the firm. Phillip Witherspoon who is also recruited as a trainee accountant will assist Samantha in this matter. We are required to evaluate the pros and cons of the violations that will take place if accounts are filed without the additional payments with respect to Samantha and Phillips. As far as Samantha and Temple mead are concerned, both of them shall act in the best interests of the public. In this case, general public includes MWFW and the Inland Revenue department. If accounts are filed without paying the additional legislative requirements, it will be a violation of the applicable tax laws and the companies act. At a later stage, when this violation is discovered, penalties will be imposed on MWFW. Therefore, such non-compliance will affect the public at large. The primary objectives of the fundamental principles are[2]: Identify threats to the principles Evaluate the threats Apply safeguards to eliminate the threats Samantha Tibour The first principle violated is integrity. Samantha is required to be straightforward and honest about the work that she is assigned. In the given scenario, she is aware of the consequences of non-compliance and should have reported it to her seniors and advised them against such a malpractice. However, she was much more interested in securing her own position with the firm. This act lacked objectivity and was biased on part of Annabelle by creating an undue influence on Samantha. As a senior partner of the firm, Ananbelle had the responsibility to be honest and truthful and provide an example to the other employees[3]. Instead of following ethical norms, she instructed Samantha to violate legislative requirements on purpose. Both the firm and Samantha had the responsibility to take due care in maintaining and practicing professional knowledge. This was absent in the activities of the professionals and the firm[4]. As a result, it posed a detrimental threat to the interests of the cl ient. Lastly, there was a lack of professional behavior on part of the firm and Samantha by not adhering to the requirements of the law. Non-compliance in such a form discredits the entire profession[5]. Phillip Witherspoon Phillips was recruited as an accountant trainee and was supposed to assist Samantha in filing the accounts of MWFW. However, when he came to know about the situation, he failed to maintain confidentiality and exposed the client and the firm to grave threats of professional misconducts by leaking information to a rival firm. This poses a threat to the goodwill and sustainability of the firm. As a professional, Phillips was required to maintain confidentiality of sensitive information about business relationships of the firm with its clients. Safeguards Safeguards to prevent such violations of the code can be put in place in the following manner[6]: Education and training of the people entering the profession. Continued professional development through regular workshops and meetings. Adherence to corporate governance legislations and requirements. Formulation and adherence to professional standards. Performance evaluation and constant monitoring. Taking disciplinary measure in case of violations. External review by third party professionals. The above safeguards should be implemented within the organization in order to detect and eliminate and deviations from the fundamental principles. There are five fundamental principles provided in the code (Part A) are required to be followed by accounting professionals and firms in order to ensure proper compliance of the applicable laws[7]. Out of the five principles, we will be discussing three and the threats that could arise against such three principles. We will also emphasize on the necessity of devising a proper framework to counter such risks. Integrity This principle imposes on all accounting professional the obligation of being straightforward and honest. Honesty caters to professional integrity and authenticity in work done. The primary aim of this principle is to encourage professional to work without being biased towards self interest and preventing conflicts of interests of any third party involved[8]. According to the principle of integrity, an accountant must not associate with reports, returns and communication where such accountant has reasons to believe that such information: Contains false and misleading information Contains recklessly furnished information, and Incomplete information In cases where an accountant becomes aware that particular information has the above elements, he/she should disassociate from such information. Objectivity This principle requires accounting professionals not to compromise with biasness, conflicts of interests and undue influence of others. Accountants are obliged to follow these instructions at all times of their professional life. A professional shall not perform any professional service in cases where his/her obligations are violated. Professional Competence and Due Care This principle imposes the following obligations on accounting professionals[9]: Ensure that clients and employers receive proper and required professional services from them. To act diligently according to the proposed standards of service. Attain and maintain professional competence. Take due care of the interests of the clients in a proper manner and according to the prescribed standards honestly. Continuous knowledge gathering about technical, professional and business developments. Acting responsible according to the requirements of the assignment and within the given time frame. Communicating any shortcomings and drawbacks of the assignment to the employer and the clients, wherever required. A recent case was the case of Google, where the UK tax authorities instructed the company to pay 130 million in back taxes[10]. On the other hand European tax authorities are also trying to levy more taxes on the company as reported by BBC News. Therefore, it can be seen that professionals are required to file proper financial documents and are required to impart their obligations in a most diligent manner. References 'Code of Ethics' (Cimaglobal.com, 2016) https://www.cimaglobal.com/Professional-ethics/Ethics/CIMA-code-of-ethics-for-professional-accountants/ accessed 6 March 2016 'Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants' (2016) https://www.ifa.org.uk/files/codeofethicsforprofessionalaccountantsv3-1.pdf accessed 6 March 2016 'CODE OF ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS' (2016) https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/ifac-code-of-ethics-for.pdf accessed 6 March 2016 'Ethical Dilemmas Case Studies' (2016) https://www.icaew.com/~/media/corporate/files/technical/ethics/ethical%20case%20studies/ccabeg%20case%20studies%20accountants%20business.ashx accessed 6 March 2016 'Ethics | Regulations, Standards and Guidance | Members | ICAEW' (Icaew.com, 2016) https://www.icaew.com/en/members/regulations-standards-and-guidance/ethics accessed 6 March 2016 'Google Tax Row: What's Behind The Deal? - BBC News' (BBC News, 2016) https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35428966 accessed 6 March 2016 'PART A - GENERAL APPLICATION OF THIS CODE' (Icaew.com, 2016) https://www.icaew.com/~/media/corporate/files/members/regulations%20standards%20and%20guidance/ethics/code_of_ethics_part_a_general_application_1_jan_2011.ashx accessed 6 March 2016 'PRACTICE DIRECTION 46 - COSTS SPECIAL CASES' (Justice.gov.uk, 2016) https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-46-costs-special-cases/practice-direction-46-costs-special-cases accessed 6 March 2016 [1] 'Code of Ethics' (Cimaglobal.com, 2016) https://www.cimaglobal.com/Professional-ethics/Ethics/CIMA-code-of-ethics-for-professional-accountants/ accessed 6 March 2016. [2]'Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants' (2016) https://www.ifa.org.uk/files/codeofethicsforprofessionalaccountantsv3-1.pdf accessed 6 March 2016. [3] 'Ethical Dilemmas Case Studies' (2016) https://www.icaew.com/~/media/corporate/files/technical/ethics/ethical%20case%20studies/ccabeg%20case%20studies%20accountants%20business.ashx accessed 6 March 2016. [4] 'PART A - GENERAL APPLICATION OF THIS CODE' (Icaew.com, 2016) https://www.icaew.com/~/media/corporate/files/members/regulations%20standards%20and%20guidance/ethics/code_of_ethics_part_a_general_application_1_jan_2011.ashx accessed 6 March 2016. [5] 'CODE OF ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS' (2016) https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/ifac-code-of-ethics-for.pdf accessed 6 March 2016. [6] 'Ethics | Regulations, Standards And Guidance | Members | ICAEW' (Icaew.com, 2016) https://www.icaew.com/en/members/regulations-standards-and-guidance/ethics accessed 6 March 2016. [7] 'PART A - GENERAL APPLICATION OF THIS CODE' (Icaew.com, 2016) https://www.icaew.com/~/media/corporate/files/members/regulations%20standards%20and%20guidance/ethics/code_of_ethics_part_a_general_application_1_jan_2011.ashx accessed 6 March 2016. [8] 'PRACTICE DIRECTION 46 - COSTS SPECIAL CASES' (Justice.gov.uk, 2016) https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil/rules/part-46-costs-special-cases/practice-direction-46-costs-special-cases accessed 6 March 2016. [9] 'PART A - GENERAL APPLICATION OF THIS CODE' (Icaew.com, 2016) https://www.icaew.com/~/media/corporate/files/members/regulations%20standards%20and%20guidance/ethics/code_of_ethics_part_a_general_application_1_jan_2011.ashx accessed 6 March 2016. [10] 'Google Tax Row: What's Behind The Deal? - BBC News' (BBC News, 2016) https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35428966 accessed 6 March 2016.